Plant organ growth inside story
The view was that the shape of plant tissues, including those of grains and fruits, is controlled by the pressure that the outermost tissue layers give to the inner tissues. A kind of mechanical feedback. But now a new study shows that the inner tissues also have a say in this.
Plants are shaped by the nature of their cells being connected by their cell walls. So, the direction a cell stretches and divides has a big influence on this. As you can imagen, being attached to your neighbours can cause some mechanical stress which in turn can influence how you grow. The authors in this latest study use stem growth as a way to study this.
Stem growth originates from the growth centre at the tip of the stem. Here a group of stem cells is located, who, with each division push one daughter cell to the outer regions of the growth centre. Either to the side, in which case the cells might end up in leaves, or as the outer layers of the stem, or straight down, in this last case the cells form the inner tissue of the stem. There they undergo more rounds of division, how these divisions are oriented determines among other things the width of the stem.
Thicker stems
One group of proteins that showed possible involvement in this where the subfamily 1a of the so-called IQD proteins. Wanting to find out more about what those proteins are doing, the researchers created plants without subfamily 1a IQD proteins. Plants who missed those proteins had flatter and rounded leaves and thicker stems.
Zooming in on the stem thickness the researchers found that while the stem was thicker its cells were not. The thickness came from the extra cells the researchers counted in a cross sections of the stem. But they found those only in the inner tissue of the stem, not its outer layers.
Next the researchers confirmed that the signal to create extra cells sideways came from the inner tissue and not from the outer layers. By giving plants without any subfamily 1a IQD proteins one subfamily 1a IQD protein back that was only active in the inner tissues the researchers found that the stem thickness was back to its original width. Suggesting that it is a signal that comes from the inner tissues that is telling the plant if and how many sideways divisions those cells are allowed to make.
Tracing the family tree
Lastly the researchers wanted to know how those cells that divides sideways behaved. Now the nice thing of plant cells being attached to each other is that you can reconstruct family trees of cell divisions. In this way the researchers noticed that below cells that had divided sideways, each daughter cell had its own file of cells. This means that after a sideways division both daughter cells then go on to divide vertical, which results in a stack of cells below each of those cells. You can see each cell of a stack of cells as subsequent generations of a single family.
While the study found that subfamily 1a IQDs are involved in controlling the orientation of the cell division during stem growth, how they do this the researchers haven’t found yet. But the interesting bit is, as the authors of the study point out, is the timing at which the inner tissues influence the stem thickness. Not at the later stages, when things like the development of the veins takes place, but early on in the development of the stem, when the lignification of the secondary cell walls and the mechanical constrain those bring along are not yet put in place. So, at a time when the tissue cell layers are not yet putting their will on the inner tissues
Now the researchers have found out that IQDs are involved in regulating the orientation of cell divisions and via that the shape of the plant, the next step is finding out how. But also, if and to what effect IQDs are involved in controlling grain and fruit shape. That they likely are shows an IQD homologue in rice, whose absence resulted in wider, but not shorter rice grains.
Literature
Yates et al., Control of plant organ growth linked to cell division orientation in inner tissues, Current Biology (2026), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2026.06.038





