Strengthening the walls
Plants, like all organisms don’t like an excess of salt. One of its ways to deal with salt stress is to strengthen their cell walls. FER, a receptor in the cell membrane is one of the key proteins in regulating this. Now a group of Chinese researchers show that key to this is the small molecule phosphatidic acid.
An excess of salts doesn’t only cause havoc inside cells but also cause damage to the cell wall. One of the ways it does this is through the binding of sodium ions to the cell wall. This loosens up the fibres and peptides which made up the cell wall. And one of these peptides, RALF, when it no longer is hold back by the cell wall binds to the FER which subsequently sounds the alarm.
After sounding the salt alarm, the plant gets to work on its cell walls. Not only to repair the damage but also to strengthen it. This is needed as cells placed in a high salt environment lose water as osmosis draws it out of the cell. With out strengthening the cell wall, the cell would collapse. In addition, strengthening the cell wall helps with preventing salt ions from entering the cell.
New interaction partner
Now a fair bit is known about how FER sounds the alarm. But the researchers had a feeling that more was going on. So, they did an assay to find out if FER binds to any other proteins than known so far. Finding that the membrane protein PLDδ interacts with FER. PLDs are proteins that produce phosphatidic acid. And as it turned out PLDδ was not the only PLD FER bound to, it also bound to PLDα1
Plants without both PLDα1 and PLDδ can’t handle to much salt, similar to plants without FER. And when plants miss all three of these proteins their ability to deal with salt stress is even further diminished.
The question now is why do FER and PLD interact. This the researchers found was not because the PLDs needed FER, as they first expected, but rather the other way around. FER needs PLD, or to be more precise FER needs the phosphatidic acid that is produced by PLD. When the researchers blocked PLD from producing any phosphatidic acid FER was quickly removed from the plasma membrane.
Finding the details
And this the researchers found out put the salt response, and subsequent cell wall strengthening in jeopardy. FER is actually needed to stay a bit longer at its place in the plasma membrane. However, that was not the only job of phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidic acid also promoted FER to do its job. One of part of which is to ensure that the proteins needed for strengthening the cell wall reappear at the plasma membrane after the initial salt stress shock.
Knowing that, in order to respond to salt stress FER needs those two PLD proteins, helps plant breeders keeping an eye out for them when looking for salt tolerant plants.
Continuing studying how plants deal with stress after the general mechanisms are known helps to identify all players involved. Only then can plant breeders with precision develop robust plants that respond predictable to stress.
Literature
Wei Jiang et al., Phosphatidic acid–driven plasma membrane localization and activation of FER confer salt tolerance in Arabidopsis.Sci. Adv.12, eaef1336 (2026). https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aef1336





